The integration of STEM education with Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies offers opportunities to enhance students’ learning experiences by connecting theoretical knowledge with real-world applications. STEM courses, including a range of concepts in mathematics, physics, and engineering, become more perceptible and meaningful when visualized in 3D mediums. Moreover, these learning experiences are enriched when 3D visualization incorporates interactive elements within the virtual environment, allowing students to unleash their curiosity, manipulate concepts, and practice critical thinking skills through an immersive experience. However, applying AR and VR in education is not without its challenges such as the need for infrastructure investment, the steep learning curve for educators, the development of effective pedagogies, and effective resource allocation. Consequently, the adoption process necessitates a strategic alignment among educational, organizational, and technological strategies within institutions. This paper discusses the essential requirements, opportunities, and challenges of adopting VR and AR technologies and developing effective pedagogies in STEM education. With the continuous advancement and increasing accessibility of these tools and training resources, some challenges will be addressed in the future, and this paper aims to offer a strategic roadmap for educators and institutions to be able to initiate a change project adopting emerging technologies in STEM education to enhance student engagement and improve their comprehension.
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